Online Teaching in India during Covid 19: Opportunities and Challenges
Prateek Mishra
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India.
. Smita *
Sudarshan Foundation, Greater Noida, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic made teachers explore online teaching as offline classes could not be conducted due to lock down. Online teaching has been explored as a premium service by niche players in the education sector in pre Covid-19 era. The paper reviews the opportunities and challenges of online teaching in current scenario. The existing digital infrastructure and young demographic profile provides an opportunity to India to explore online teaching as a long term strategy for inclusive and relevant education. Regulatory authorities need to evaluate training and behavioural issues of teachers for online teaching. An integrated approach is required to share resources among educational institutions along with faculty autonomy and motivation. Promoting entrepreneurship among teachers to start up their own mini online colleges would go a long way in institutionalising online teaching and unlocking the hidden potential of dedicated teachers in India. Online teaching can be useful to reap the benefits of demographic dividend in India.
Keywords: Online education, India, Covid-19, management, teachers, demographic dividend
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Crawford J, Butler-Henderson K, Rudolph J, Malkawi B, Glowatz M, Burton R, et al. COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching. 2020;3:1–20.
DOI: 10.1080/1475939x.2020.1866654
Watermeyer R, Crick T, Knight C, Goodall J. COVID-19 and digital disruption in UK universities: afflictions and affordances of emergency online migration. Higher Education; 2020.
DOI: 10.1007/s10734-020-00561-
Thakur A. India enters 37-year period of demographic dividend. The Economic Times; 2019.
Pathak R. National Education Policy 2020: Can it improve Faculty Motivation and Academic Outcomes in India? International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. 2021;3(4):573-579.
Available: https://irjmets.com/rootaccess/forms/uploads/IRJMETS679597.pdf
Debroy B. Education policy: The exit of affiliation. The New Indian Express; 2020.
Menon N. To go from mediocrity to excellence. The Hindu; 2010.
Available:https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/To-go-from-mediocrity-to-excellence/article16256292.ece
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Impact of Culture in Indian Higher Education on Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Advance Research in Management and Social Sciences. 2014;3(11):1-10.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833373
Tilak J. Global rankings, world-class universities and dilemma in higher education policy in India. Higher Education for the Future. 2016;3(2):126-143.
Khem Chand, Tiwari R, Phuyal M. Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate: An Empirical Study of Indian Economy. Pragati: Journal of Indian Economy. 2017; 4(2):130-137.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.17492/pragati.v4i02.11468
Anjum B, Tiwari R. An exploratory study of supply side issues in Indian higher education. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Management Review. 2012;1(1):14-24.
Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3739008
Tiwari R, Anjum B, Khurana A. Role of Private Sector in Indian Higher Education, GALAXY International Interdisciplinary Research Journal. 2013; 1(2):75-83.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833384
Bishnoi M. The many structural flaws in India’s higher education system. The Hindu; 2019.
Kapur D. Devesh Kapur: Can India's higher education be saved from the rule of babus? Business Standard; 2014.
Tiwari R, Anjum B, Chand K, Pathak R. Sustainability of Inorganic Growth in Online Retail by Snapdeal: A Case Study. International Journal of Management Studies. 2019;VI(1(1)).
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833366
Satya Kumar Y. Challenges and opportunities in Indian higher education; 2018.
Kunal Anand. 6 Signs That India's Unemployment Problem Might Actually Be Getting Worse. India Times. May 9 2017. Available: https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/6-signs-that-india-s-unemployment-problem-might-actually-be-getting-worse-249791.html
Nayyar D. The degradation of Indian universities through politics. Live Mint; 2017.
Sharma H, Tiwari R, Anjum B. Issues and challenges of affiliation system in Indian higher education. EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies. 2013;3(12):232-240.
Bandura A. The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of social and clinical psychology. 1991;4(3):359–373.
Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes. 1991; 50(2):179–211.
Davis FD. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly. 1989;13(3):318–339.
Taylor S, Todd P. Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behavior: A study of consumer adoption intentions. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 1995;12(2):137–155.
Lee MK, Cheung CM, Chen Z. Acceptance of internet-based learning medium: the role of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Information and Management. 2005;42: 1095–1104.
DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2003.10.007
Sumak B, Hericko M, Pusnik M. A meta-analysis of e-learning technology acceptance: The role of user types and e-learning technology types. Computers in Human Behavior. 2011; 27:2067–2077.
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.005
Venkatesh V, Davis FD. A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance models: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science. 2000;46(2):186–204.
Davis R, Wong D. Conceptualizing and measuring the optimal experience of the eLearning environment. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education. 2007;5: 97–126.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4609.2007.00129.x
Andersson A, Gronlund A. A conceptual framework for e-learning in developing countries: a critical review of research challenges, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. 2009;38(8):1-16.
Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Davis GB, Davis FD. User acceptance of information technology: Towards a unified view. MIS Quarterly.2003;27(3):425–478.
Venkatesh V, Thong JYL, Xu X. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly. 2012;36(1):157–178.
Pynoo B, Devolder P, Tondeur J, Van Braak J, Duyck W, Duyck P. Predicting secondary school teachers' acceptance and use of a digital learning environment: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior. 2011;27(1):568–575.
Sangeeta Tandon U. Factors influencing adoption of online teaching by school teachers: A study during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Affairs. 2020; e2503.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2503
Dwivedi YK, Rana NP, Jeyaraj A, Clement M, Williams MD. Re-examining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model. Information Systems Frontiers. 2019;21(3):719–734.
Pike GR, Smart JC, Ethington CA. The mediating effects of student engagement on the relationships between academic disciplines and learning outcomes: An extension of Holland’s theory. Research in Higher Education. 2012;53:550–575.
DOI: 10.1007/s11162-011-9239-y
Vladova G, Ullrich A, Bender B, Gronau N. Students’ acceptance of technology-mediated teaching – how it was influenced during the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020: A Study From Germany. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:636086.
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636086
Whittle C, Tiwari S, Yuan S, Williams J. Emergency remote teaching environment: A conceptual framework for responsive online teaching in crises, Information and Learning Sciences. 2020;12(5/6):311-319.
DOI: 10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0099
Andersson A, Gronlund A. A conceptual framework for e-learning in developing countries: A critical review of research challenges, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. 2009;38(8):1-16.
Rana A, Tiwari R. MSME sector: Challenges and potential growth strategies. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspectives. 2014;3(4):1428.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833856
India Brand Equity Foundation. Education & Training Industry in India; 2021.
Available:https://www.ibef.org/industry/education-sector-india.aspx
Brianna D, Derrian R, Hunter H, Kerra B. Nancy C. Using EdTech to enhance learning. International Journal of the Whole Child. 2019;4(2):57–63.
Choudhuri S, Dixit R, Tiwari R. Issues and challenges of Indian aviation industry: A case study. International Journal of Logistics & Supply Chain Management Perspectives. 2015;4(1):1557-1562.
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Role of Higher Education Institutions and Industry Academia Collaboration for Skill Enhancement, Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research. 2014;3(11):27-34.
Mrsic L, Mesic T, Balkovic M. Cognitive Services Applied as Student Support Service Chatbot for Educational Institution. In: Khanna A, Gupta D, Bhattacharyya S, Snasel V, Platos J, Hassanien A. (eds) International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1087. Springer, Singapore; 2020.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1286-5_35
Umashankar V, Dutta K. Balanced scorecards in managing higher education institutions: An Indian perspective. International Journal of Educational Management. 2007;21(1):54-67.
Punia V, Kamboj M. Quality of Work-life Balance among Teachers in Higher Education Institutions. Learning Community. 2013;4(3):197-208.
Lavy S, Bocker S. A path to teacher happiness? A sense of meaning affects teacher–student relationships, which affect job satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2018;19(5):1485-1503.
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Role of Education Loan in Indian Higher Education, GALAXY International Interdisciplinary Research Journal. 2013;1(2):89-96.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833834
Nagarajan R. MCI database of medical college teachers a mess. The Economic Times; 2019. Available:http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/72279113.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Industry Academia Collaboration: Relevance for Make in India, International Journal of Business Management. 2015;2(1):840-848.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833717
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Impact of Demographic Factors on Motivation of University Teachers in North India, Paripex-Indian Journal of Research. 2014;3(11):97-99.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3834203
Saravana kumar A, Devi K. Indian Higher Education: Issues and Opportunities. Journal of Critical Reviews. 2020;7(2):542-545.
Anjum B, Tiwari R. Role of private sector banks for financial inclusion. Zenith International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2012;2(1):270-280.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833463
Tiwari R, Khem Chand, Anjum B. Crop insurance in India: A review of pradhan mantri fasal bima yojana (PMFBY). FIIB Business Review. 2020;9(4):249-255.
Available:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2319714520966084
Tiwari R, Singh M, Mathur S. Sustainability of low cost and simplicity in airline industry: A case of Indigo. International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering. 2018;8(12):6034-6044.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833340
Mishra L, Gupta T, Shree A. Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open. 2020;1.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012
Carey K. Is everybody ready for the big migration to online college? Actually, no. The New York Times; 2020.
Available:https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/upshot/coronavirus-online-college-classes-unprepared.html
Verma G, Campbell T, Melville W, Ark B. Science Teacher Education in the Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Science Teacher Education. 2020;31(5):483-490.
DOI: 10.1080/1046560X.2020.1771514
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Motivation of University Teachers in northern India. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research. 2014;3(7):273-281.
Sheel R, Vohra N. Fostering academic research among management scholars in India: An introduction to the special issue. Vikalpa. 2014;39(2):v-xi.
Nambiar D. The impact of online learning during COVID19: Students' and teachers’ perspective. International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2020;8(2):783-793.
Liguori E, Winkler C. From offline to online: Challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurship education following the COVID-19 pandemic. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy; 2020.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127420916738
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Impact of Experience of Teachers on Industry Academia Interface in Indian Higher Education, Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary. 2014;2(11):1-9.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833472
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Industry Academia Interface: A Study of North Indian Universities. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research. 2014;3(7):139-146.
Sharma A. COVID-19: Creating a paradigm shift in India’s education system. The Economic Times; 2020.
Arora A, Srinivasan R. Impact of pandemic COVID-19 on the teaching-learning process: a study of higher education teachers. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management. 2020;13 (4):43-56.
Joshi A, Vinay M, Bhaskar P. Impact of coronavirus pandemic on the Indian education sector: perspectives of teachers on online teaching and assessments. Interactive Technology and Smart Education; 2020.
Available:https://doi/10.1108/ITSE-06-2020-0087
Shankar A. LSR student’s suicide prompts introspection among Delhi University’s premier colleges. The Indian Express; 2020.
Tiwari R, Anjum B. Skill Hierarchy Motivation Model for Teachers in Indian Higher Education. Journal of Management and Science. 2018;1:68-77.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3835640
Tiwari R, Anjum B. A Proposed model for Management of Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Science and Research. 2014;3(11):1614-1616.
Tiwari R, Anjum B, Khem Chand, Phuyal M. Role of Human Capital and Innovation in Economic Growth: Comparative Study of India and China. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology. 2017;5(XI):4042-4048.
India Brand Equity Foundation. Education & Training Industry in India; 2021.
Available:https://www.ibef.org/industry/education-sector-india.aspx
Chaudhury D. PM Modi presents ‘5-I’ vision to maximise tech for social benefits at G20. The Economic Times; 2019.
Choudhary AK, Kumar R. Role of Entrepreneurship in Indian Higher Education: A Review. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field. 2021;7(4):68-71.
Available:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3843088